Human Rights Defender Criminalization and Civic Space Repression
as Challenges to Human Rights Cities Implementation:
A Case of Indonesia
Chikita Edrini Marpaung [Student, Chonnam National University]
Yung Chul Lee [Professor Emeritus, Chonnam National University]
A. Introduction
Human rights cities (HRC) simply defined as the city which their daily operation refer or comply to the international human rights standards, norms and value and reflected through their local policy, regulation and official decision (Merry, 2006). The idea of HRC was inspired by the enactment of 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Under the human rights framework, state recognized as the duty bearers which means they are responsible to respect, protect and fulfil the basic rights of the rights holders - citizens (Ezer, 2022). Recently, advocates within the HRC movement have proposed adding the responsibility to engage. State commitment on human rights values and principles can be represented by ratification of some international agreements and conventions. But in practice, governments may or may not apply the conventions they signed and even did massive and prolonged, violations of human rights at all levels including at the local government level (PDHRE, 2004).
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C. Conclusion and Recommendation
As one of the countries in the Global South that still faces significant challenges in addressing human rights issues. Human rights cities have become an important agenda for familiarizing and simplifying human rights language within the governance system—especially at the regional level. The importance of engaging local governments in human rights accountability is due to the fact that local governments are a component of the national government, which has delegated certain tasks to them that fall under the scope of rights protection (International Council on Human Rights Policy 2005: 20). This focus on local implementation of universal norms and standards by international human rights bodies is a result of the decentralization of social policy and city branding strategies. To prevent any backfire to the utilization of “human rights city” branding for the city, it is crucial to ensure the participation and engagement of civil society and grass root communities since the beginning of the process. The indicators which written under a policy and regulation should be also formulated by covering a comprehensive human rights values consideration – to protect, to fulfill and to respect in order to minimize the potential use of power by the local government that can closed the civic space.
Human Rights Defender Criminalization and Civic Space Repression
as Challenges to Human Rights Cities Implementation:
A Case of Indonesia
Chikita Edrini Marpaung [Student, Chonnam National University]
Yung Chul Lee [Professor Emeritus, Chonnam National University]
A. Introduction
Human rights cities (HRC) simply defined as the city which their daily operation refer or comply to the international human rights standards, norms and value and reflected through their local policy, regulation and official decision (Merry, 2006). The idea of HRC was inspired by the enactment of 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Under the human rights framework, state recognized as the duty bearers which means they are responsible to respect, protect and fulfil the basic rights of the rights holders - citizens (Ezer, 2022). Recently, advocates within the HRC movement have proposed adding the responsibility to engage. State commitment on human rights values and principles can be represented by ratification of some international agreements and conventions. But in practice, governments may or may not apply the conventions they signed and even did massive and prolonged, violations of human rights at all levels including at the local government level (PDHRE, 2004).
.
.
.
C. Conclusion and Recommendation
As one of the countries in the Global South that still faces significant challenges in addressing human rights issues. Human rights cities have become an important agenda for familiarizing and simplifying human rights language within the governance system—especially at the regional level. The importance of engaging local governments in human rights accountability is due to the fact that local governments are a component of the national government, which has delegated certain tasks to them that fall under the scope of rights protection (International Council on Human Rights Policy 2005: 20). This focus on local implementation of universal norms and standards by international human rights bodies is a result of the decentralization of social policy and city branding strategies. To prevent any backfire to the utilization of “human rights city” branding for the city, it is crucial to ensure the participation and engagement of civil society and grass root communities since the beginning of the process. The indicators which written under a policy and regulation should be also formulated by covering a comprehensive human rights values consideration – to protect, to fulfill and to respect in order to minimize the potential use of power by the local government that can closed the civic space.